Open Access
Table I
Causes of pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa according to their origin.
| Coloration | Etiology |
|---|---|
| Physiological coloration | Melanic ranges in melanodermic patients |
| Coloration related to a systemic disease | Laugier–Hunziker syndrome |
| Hemochromatosis | |
| Acromegaly, McCune–Albright syndrome, Cushing’s disease, or hyperthyroidism | |
| Beta Thalassemia | |
| Carney’s syndrome | |
| Peutz Jeghers syndrome | |
| Addison’s disease | |
| Coloration related to a chronic inflammatory condition | Oral lichen planus Sarcoidosis |
| Coloration caused by a tumor | Kaposi sarcoma |
| Nevus/mole | |
| Melanosis | |
| Malignant melanoma | |
| Exogenous coloring | Foreign body (graphite or tar) |
| Ethnic tattoos | |
| Consumption of certain foods: Betel nut (Areca) | |
| Exposure to heavy metals: Bismuth, lead, silver, or mercury | |
| Melanosis caused by smoking | |
| Amalgam tattoos | |
| Coloration of traumatic origin | Melanoacanthoma |
| Petechiae, purpura, bruise, or hematoma | |
| Coloration of iatrogenic origin | Minocycline |
| Synthetic antimalarials Amiodarone Clofazamine |
|
| Zidovudine Ketoconazole |
|
| Chemotherapy treatment: Busulfan and doxorubicin Phenothiazines |
|
| Vascular/hematological coloration | Varicose veins |
| Telangiectasia | |
| Benign lymphangioma | |
| Hemangiomas | |
| Vascular malformation |
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