Open Access
Table I
Demographic and clinical characteristics of reported case reports of orofacial rhinosporidiosis.
| Sl no. | Author / year | Place | No. of cases | Age (years) | Sex (M/F) | Site of orofacial involvement | Duration of symptoms | Clinical presentation | Comorbidities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Doddawad et al. (2022) [27] | India | 1 | 35 years | M | Right nasal cavity | 4 months | Polypoid, strawberry-colored, pedunculated hard mass; no bleeding | No chronic conditions reported |
| 2. | Rameshkumar et al. (2015) [18] | India (Tamil Nadu) | 1̀ | 65 years | M | Right side of the face | 1 month | Tender, compressible, soft, unilateral swelling; no bleeding | None |
| 3. | Santosh et al. (2022) [2] | India (Karnataka, Chhattisgarh) | 1 | 30 years | M | Right buccal mucosa | 3 months | Soft, tender, compressible unilateral swelling on right lower third of face | No comorbidities reported |
| 4. | Swain SK (2025) [3] | India (Odisha) | 1 | 25 years | M | Oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx | 3 months | Lobulated, reddish-pink mass in the oral cavity; swallowing difficulty | None |
| 5. | Kazi AZ et al. (2019) [13] | India | 1 | 55 years | M | Right maxillary sinus, buccal vestibule | 5 months | Swelling, pus discharge from infraorbital region, right maxillary teeth mobility | Diabetes |
| 6. | Tong TK et al. (2023) [4] | Malaysia (Sabah) | 1 | 60 years | M | Nasal cavity, maxillary sinus | 20 years (onset at 30 years) | Nasal obstruction, epistaxis, recurrent polypoidal masses, perforated nasal septum | Diabetes (well-controlled) |
| 7. | Babu S et al. (2012) [32] | India (Orissa) | 1 | 42 years | M | Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx | 6 years | Bilateral nasal polypoidal masses with oropharyngeal extension | Non-diabetic, non-HIV patient |
| 8. | Arias AF et al. (2020) [6] | Colombia, Latin America | 1 | 10 years | M | Nasal cavity | 5 months | Unilateral epistaxis, polypoid lesion, soft tissue mass in the nostril | None |
| 9. | Ghosh R et al. (2021) [33] | India (Burdwan, West Bengal) | 1 | 55 years | M | Nasal + disseminated (Subcutaneous tissues, lungs) | 4 months | Disseminated nodules; Generalized subcutaneous lumps, tender, painful lesions on chest, back, extremities; lung opacities | No significant comorbidities, normoglycemic, normotensive |
| 10. | Dey AK et al. (2016) [19] | India (Mumbai, Maharashtra) | 1 | 36 years | M | Nasolacrimal duct, orbit, nasal cavity | 1 year | Proptosis, foul-smelling nasal discharge, nasal itching; mass in medial canthus, polypoidal mass in inferior turbinate | None reported |
| 11. | Shah R (2016) [34] | India (Vapi, Gujarat) | 1 | 32 years | F | Maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, nasopharynx | 1 year | Nasal obstruction, nasal polyp, proptosis, polypoidal mass, and bony erosion | No significant comorbidities |
| 12. | Ali GM et al. (2020) [29] | Qatar | 1 | 35 years | M | Nasopharynx, nasal cavity | 1 year | Right-sided epistaxis, polypoidal strawberry mass, nasal obstruction, recurrent episodes | No comorbidities reported |
| 13. | Bhargava S et al. (2012) [4] | India (Rajasthan, Aligarh) | 1 | 21 years | M | Nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx | 1 year | Erythematous mass obstructing right nasal cavity, extending into sinuses | None |
| 14. | Putthia H et al. (2018) [10] | India (Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh) | 1 | 60 years | F | Palate, maxillary molar area | 18–20 days | Painful ulcer, white patch after tooth extraction, necrotic area increasing in size | Diabetes (poorly controlled) |
| 15. | Chandran A et al. (2020) [35] | India (New Delhi) | 1 | 38 years | M | Pharynx | 6 months | Strawberry-like mass behind uvula, nasal obstruction, spitting of blood-stained saliva, mass in oropharynx | None |
| 16. | Devaraja K et al. (2018) [36] | India (Manipal, Karnataka) | 1 | 28 years | M | Nasal cavity, oropharynx, larynx, cheek | 10 years | Strawberry-like lesion in nasal cavity, laryngeal lesion, cheek mass | None |
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