Open Access
Table VIII
GRADE assessment.
| Outcome / Comparison | No. of Studies | Study design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency (I2) | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Overall certainty (GRADE) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal vs. Leukoplakia | 6 | Observational | Not serious | Serious (I2 = 95%) | Not serious | Not serious | Undetected | MODERATE | Large effect size (SMD = 2.54) upgraded evidence |
| Normal vs. OSMF | 4 | Observational | Not serious | Serious (I2 = 96%) | Not serious | Not serious | Undetected | MODERATE | Consistent direction of effect despite heterogeneity |
| Normal vs. OSCC | 5 | Observational | Not serious | Serious (I2 = 96%) | Not serious | Not serious | Undetected | MODERATE | Very large effect size (SMD = 2.78) upgraded certainty |
| Leukoplakia vs. OSCC | 4 | Observational | Not serious | Serious (I2 = 81%) | Not serious | Serious (CI crosses null) | Undetected | LOW | No statistically significant difference |
| OSMF vs. OSCC | 4 | Observational | Not serious | Moderate (I2 = 65%) | Not serious | Serious (CI crosses null) | Undetected | LOW | Overlapping SCP levels reduce discrimination ability |
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