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Table II

Response frequencies of participants with their qualifications for the questionnaire. Five points Likert scale was used and responses for each question was tabulated according to the qualification of the participants as undergraduates (third years, final years and interns), postgraduates and faculties and practitioners Statistical test applied − Chi-square test.

Questions Response Response frequencies of participants with their qualification n (%) Statistics


Undergraduates Post graduates Faculties and Practitioners Total p-value
Knowledge based questions

You are aware of term Artificial Intelligence (AI). Strongly agree 75 (27.7) 27 (28.4) 29 (30.9) 131 0.989
Agree 179 (66.1) 62 (65.3) 61 (64.9) 302
Neither agree nor disagree 6 (2.2) 2 (2.1) 1 (1.1) 9
Disagree 11 (4.1) 4 (4.2) 3 (3.2) 18
Strongly disagree

You are aware of the working principle of AI. Strongly agree 38 (14) 20 (21.1) 15 (16.0) 73 0.648
Agree 160 (59) 54 (56.8) 52 (55.3) 266
Neither agree nor disagree 52 (19.2) 14 (14.7) 22 (23.4) 88
Disagree 19 (7) 7 (7.4) 5 (5.3) 31
Strongly disagree 2 (0.7) 2

AI can assist in patient diagnosis and formulating an integrated treatment plan. Strongly agree 50 (18.5) 23 (24.2) 26 (27.7) 99 0.005*
Agree 197 (72.7) 63 (66.3) 38 (51.1) 309
Neither agree nor disagree 21 (7.7) 7 (7.4) 16 (17) 44
Disagree 3 (1.1) 2 (2.1) 4 (4.3) 9
Strongly disagree

AI can be used to evaluate details in radiographs which are missed by practitioners at times. Strongly agree 62 (22.9) 20 (21.1) 16 (17) 98 0.015*
Agree 177 (65.3) 63 (66.3) 50 (53.2) 290
Neither agree nor disagree 26 (9.6) 11 (11.6) 24 (25.5) 61
Disagree 5 (1.8) 1 (1.1) 3 (3.2) 9
Strongly disagree 1 (1.1) 1 (1.1) 2

AI can be used in identification of oral mucosal lesions and detection of oral cancer. Strongly agree 53 (19.6) 20 (21.1) 20 (21.3) 93 0.310
Agree 168 (62) 52 (54.7) 35 (47.9) 265
Neither agree nor disagree 46 (17) 21 (22.1) 26 (27.7) 93
Disagree 2 (0.7) 2 (2.1) 2 (2.1) 6
Strongly disagree 2 (0.7) 1 (1.1) 3

AI can be used as prognostic tool to predict the course of disease and determine the chance of recovery. Strongly agree 46 (17) 18 (18.9) 19 (20.2) 83 0.300
Agree 175 (64.6) 63 (66.3) 50 (53.2) 288
Neither agree nor disagree 42 (15.5) 12 (12.6) 19 (20.2) 73
Disagree 8 (3) 2 (2.1) 5 (5.3) 15
Strongly disagree 1 (1.1) 1

AI can be used to assess the success of any treatment as treatment quality control. Strongly agree 52 (19.2) 19 (20) 23 (24.5) 94 0.252
Agree 178 (65.7) 54 (56.8) 48 (51.1) 280
Neither agree nor disagree 37 (13.7) 19 (20) 20 (21.3) 76
Disagree 4 (1.5) 2 (2.1) 2 (2.1) 8
Strongly disagree 1 (1.1) 1 (1.1) 2

Attitude based questions

AI can switch the current health care system into a secure digital environment with latest technologies. Strongly agree 38 (14) 14 (14.7) 17 (18.1) 60 0.858
Agree 164 (60.5) 57 (60) 51 (54.3) 272
Neither agree nor disagree 61 (22.5) 19 (20.0) 20 (21.3) 100
Disagree 6 (2.2) 4 (4.2) 5 (5.3) 15
Strongly disagree 2 (0.7) 1 (1.1) 1 (1.1) 4

AI should be an integral part of undergraduate or postgraduate dental training. Strongly agree 48 (17.7) 18 (18.9) 19 (20.2) 85 0.065
Agree 184 (67.9) 71 (74.7) 53 (56.4) 308
Neither agree nor disagree 35 (12.9) 5 (5.3) 21 (22.3) 61
Disagree 2 (0.7) 2
Strongly disagree 2 (0.7) 1 (1.1) 1 (1.1) 4

AI can be incorporated into private practice after acquiring proper knowledge and training. Strongly agree 49 (18.1) 20 (21.1) 19 (20.2) 88 0.728
Agree 182 (67.2) 64 (67.4) 58 (61.7) 304
Neither agree nor disagree 32 (11.8) 11 (11.6) 15 (16) 58
Disagree 6 (2.2) 2 (2.1) 8
Strongly disagree 2 (0.7) 2

I believe that I will recommend fellow clinical practitioners to implement AI in their clinical practice. Strongly agree 42 (15.5) 15 (15.8) 12 (12.8) 69 0.264
Agree 174 (64.2) 56 (58.9) 53 (56.4) 283
Neither agree nor disagree 46 (17.3) 21 (22.1) 28 (29.8) 96
Disagree 6 (2.2) 3 (3.2) 9
Strongly disagree 2 (0.7) 1 (1.1) 3

Perception based questions

AI can be implicated in forensic dentistry for pattern analysis and identification of unknown individual. Strongly agree 66 (24.4) 25 (26.3) 47 (50) 138 0.001**
Agree 175 (64.6) 62 (65.3) 41 (43.6) 278
Neither agree nor disagree 29 (10.7) 8 (8.4) 6 (6.4) 43
Disagree 1 (0.4) 1
Strongly disagree

AI facilitates storage of patient information and data with quick and accurate accessibility. Strongly agree 85 (31.4) 38 (40) 30 (31.9) 153 0.724
Agree 166 (61.3) 52 (53.7) 55 (58.5) 272
Neither agree nor disagree 18 (6.6) 6 (6.3) 8 (8.5) 32
Disagree 2 (0.7) 1 (1.1) 3
Strongly disagree

AI has a better diagnostic ability than a clinically experienced practitioner. Strongly agree 30 (11.1) 9 (9.5) 9 (9.6) 48 0.071
Agree 111 (41) 25 (26.3) 29 (30.9) 165
Neither agree nor disagree 89 (32.8) 36 (37.6) 35 (37.2) 160
Disagree 35 (12.9) 22 (23.2) 15 (16) 72
Strongly disagree 6 (2.2) 3 (3.2) 6 (6.4) 15

You think that AI can replace the radiologists or clinician in the near future. Strongly agree 21 (7.7) 7 (7.4) 8 (8.5) 36 0.516
Agree 85 (31.4) 19 (20) 25 (26.6) 129
Neither agree nor disagree 82 (30.3) 36 (37.9) 36 (38.3) 154
Disagree 69 (25.5) 29 (30.5) 20 (21.3) 118
Strongly disagree 14 (5.2) 4 (4.2) 5 (5.3) 23

* denotes statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05).

** denotes highly statistically significant values (p < 0.001).

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