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Home All issues Volume 27 / No 3 (2021) J Oral Med Oral Surg, 27 3 (2021) 43 Full HTML
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J Oral Med Oral Surg
Volume 27, Number 3, 2021
Article Number 43
Number of page(s) 6
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2021021
Published online 03 September 2021

© The authors, 2021

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

The Indian subcontinent has one of the highest burdens of oral malignancy in the world [1]. Even though the gingivobuccal cancer is termed as the Indian cancer, tongue cancer also presents itself frequently [2]. The tongue, because of its anatomical characteristics of muscle bundles and rich lymphovascular network, has a higher risk of cervical metastasis [3]. It is well known that the presence of lymph node metastasis is the most vital prognostic indicator, affecting overall and locoregional rates and thus its Accurate assessment is critical for evaluating treatment options and predicting prognosis in oral cancer patients [4]. Consequently, even in tongue cancer patients exhibiting clinically negative nodal disease, more than 30% of them will have cervical metastasis [5]. Thus the AJCC staging in its 8th edition has highlighted a nodal characteristic (ENE-Extracapsular spread) and a tumour characteristic (DOI − depth of invasion) as additional staging parameters affecting patient outcomes [6]. Since then there has been robust research in the field of oncology to identify patient characteristics, imaging features, blood parameters, histopathological criteria, molecular biomarkers in order to predict the prognosis of the disease.

Most patients undergo clinical, imaging and histopathological evaluation for disease diagnosis and staging. Computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Ultrasonography, Positron emission tomography are utilized as per the requirement with their corresponding sensitivity and specificity rates.

SCC of the tongue often requires MRI (with or without CT) to study tumour dimensions, its anatomical relations and cervical nodal involvement. Nodal necrosis is an important imaging feature used to distinguish between benign and malignant lymph nodes [7,8]. At magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, CNN is seen as a focal area of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images and as an area of low signal intensity on contrast material–enhanced T1-weighted images, with or without a surrounding rim of enhancement. The aim of this retrospective study was to ascertain the prognostic value of cervical node necrosis in patients with tongue SCC based on their preoperative MR findings.

Materials and methods

In this retrospective observational study at our institute (Regional cancer centre), records from January 2013 to 2015 were included. The following Inclusion criteria were considered: records of patients with clinically node positive, histopathologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of tongue who underwent primary surgery followed by adjuvant therapy when indicated. The exclusion criteria was: records of patients with N0 nodal disease, presence of distant metastasis, synchronous malignancy, recurrent tongue SCC cases. Patients underwent MRI for the evaluation of primary tumour, cervical node status and CT scan of chest to detect any pulmonary masses (distant metastases). Patient information was anonymized before analysis. Subsequently, 144 patient records (87 men and 57 women; mean age, 53.5 years; range, 31–82 years) were included in our study. Preoperative MRI images of the neck were available for all patients and CNN/ non CNN categorization was done. Data pertaining to patient demographics, the TNM classification (8th edition of the AJCC), tobacco use, and the status at the last follow-up visit (alive or dead; disease-free survival [DFS] or treatment failure [TF]) were collected from the medical records department. For this study, TF was defined as either residual disease at the end of definitive therapy, locoregional recurrence after a disease-free period, presence of distant metastases with or without recurrence or disease-related mortality. Any TF was noted by histological confirmation and imaging evidence in the follow up period. For cases without TF, the follow-up period was measured in months from the time of diagnosis. Data were censored to the last follow-up date in the medical records till December 31, 2019.

Imaging and collection

A 1.5 T magnet MRI (Ingenia, Philips) with a head and neck coil was used to perform MRI PNS and neck. As per institution protocol, Axial spin-echo (SE) T1-weighted and fat-saturated fast SE T2-weighted images were acquired. Axial, sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo and coronal T1-weighted fat-suppressed spin-echo images were sequentially obtained before and after intravenous injection of 0.1 mmol/kg body wt of gadolinium based contrast material.

A blinded consensus review of the MRI images was done by an experienced radiologist. Patients with lymph nodes showing varied morphology were grouped together and evaluated for the presence (CNN group; Fig. 1) or absence of nodal necrosis (non-CNN group). The criteria for diagnosing a cervical node necrosis in an MR image was a focal area of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images or a focal area of low signal intensity on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images, with or without a surrounding rim of enhancement (Fig. 1).

thumbnail Fig. 1

Cervical nodal necrosis observed in MRI studies of a patient diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of tongue.
thumbnail Fig. 2

A,B —Kaplan-Meier graph showing overall survival and disease-free survival rates of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma with cervical nodal necrosis (CNN group) or without CNN (non-CNN group) on preoperative MRI studies.

Treatment and clinical follow-up

All patients underwent surgical resection with neck dissection as the primary treatment. Based on tumour location and preoperative imaging findings, modified radical or radical neck dissection on the ipsilateral side was performed for 95 patients (65.97%), and bilateral neck dissection was performed for 49 patients (34.0%). Subsequently, 120 (83.3%) of these patients had undergone adjuvant therapy i.e. radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy based on the histopathological features (RT indicated for T3 or T4 tumor; compromised surgical resection margins (<5 mm from the inked surface of the specimen); presence of lympho-vascular invasion (LVI) and/or perineural invasion (PNI); and positive lymph nodes with or without extracapsular invasion (ECE); CT indicated for microscopic positive margins and/or ECE). Standard of care RT via EBRT/ IMRT was administered. All patients were followed up for the first 1 month after established treatment culminated in the first year and every 3 months for the next 2 years till they were disease-free. Subsequent follow-ups were scheduled every 6 months for the next 2 years and annually thereafter.

Statistical analysis

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM) version 23.0, was used for statistical analysis. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method for visual comparison of OS and DFS between the CNN and non-CNN groups and were compared using a log-rank test. Overall survival (OS) was ciphered from the date of disease diagnosis to the date of the last follow-up visit or death due to disease associated reasons. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated from the date of treatment conclusion to the date of TF recording. Subgroup analysis via Fisher exact test and independent-samples t tests were used to compare clinical and pathologic characteristics between the CNN and non CNN groups (Tab. I). Univariate analysis to determine predictors of OS and DFS among the following variables: presence or absence of CNN on preoperative imaging, presence or absence ENE, depth of invasion, T classification and N classification was done (Tab. II). A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Kaplan–Meier graphs were plotted (Fig. 2).

Table I

Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Patients with SCC of Tongue With Cervical Nodal Necrosis (CNN) (CNN Group) or Without CNN (Non-CNN Group) on Preoperative MR Imaging.

Table II

Univariate Analysis of Variables Associated With Survival Outcomes of Patients With Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Cervical Nodal Necrosis (CNN) (CNN Group) or Without CNN (Non-CNN Group) on Preoperative MRI.

Results

The incidence of CNN in patients with cervical node metastases was 55.55% (80/144). The mean maximal axial diameter of lymph node metastases was 18.2 ± 1.1 (SD) mm for all patients, 27.9 ± 8.4 mm for patients with CNN, and 12.5 ± 7.5 mm (range, 3.8– 11.9 mm) for patients without CNN. 35 patients showed level I (Ia or Ib) nodal necrosis, 59 showed level II (IIa or IIb) nodal necrosis, 19 showed level III nodal necrosis, 9 showed level IV nodal necrosis, and 4 showed level V nodal necrosis. 32 patients were diagnosed with grade 1 SCC, 63 with grade 2 SCC and 49 patients with grade 3 SCC. Table I presents the patient demographic characteristics and pathologic characteristics of the tumors according to the presence of CNN. There were no significant differences in most clinical and pathologic variables between the CNN and non-CNN groups; however, the numbers of patients with advanced nodal disease, higher histopathological differentiation, and pathologically proven ENE were higher in the CNN group than in the non-CNN group. The mean follow-up duration for the total case population was 32.6 months. TF occurred in 39 patients at a mean of 12.5 months after treatment completion. Univariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazard model revealed that presence of CNN on preoperative imaging, presence of ENE, depth of invasion, T and N classification were significantly associated with OS and DFS (Tab. II). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the OS and DFS rates were significantly lower in patients with CNN (p = 0.008) than in those without CNN (p = 0.013).

Discussion

Patients with head and neck cancers require precise assessment to deduce the prognosis associated and the therapeutic option to be given. Apart from the primary tumour characteristics, cervical nodes have a more significant role affecting the survival of patients. Patient morbidity and mortality in oral squamous cell carcinoma are consequential to regional and distant metastasis. The criteria suggested by Brekel et al., have been accepted as the most reliable criteria for evaluating metastases in cervical lymph nodes [9]. Various nodal parameters have been substantiated as important prognostic factors, including size, central necrosis and extracapsular extension [10]. Ding et al., demonstrated MRI diagnostic criteria of cervical lymph node metastasis include nodal size, central nodal necrosis, and irregular contour of lymph nodes [11]. High treatment failure rates in tongue scc patients despite aggressive surgical and timely adjuvant therapy have led to focussed research on understanding tumour biology, identifying patient specific prognostic markers based on hematological, radiological and histological parameters for disease stratification and delivering precision therapy. Radiological parameters could be easy and feasible options for the same [12]. Our study established the presence of CNN on preoperative imaging being significantly related to advanced disease with survival rates of patients with CNN lower than that of patients without CNN. In our study, there was a significant correlation between presence of CNN and incidence of ENE (P = 0.003), which was associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.012). Presence of central nodal necrosis (CNN) has been correlated with aggressive malignancy [13].

The histological grade was also seen to be associated with the incidence of CNN in our study (P = 0.032). This is supportive of the findings by Morimoto et al., who suggested that CNN findings may depend on the tumour differentiation [14]. The central area of low attenuation in CNN might reflect tumour infiltration, including a tumour necrosis nest and keratinization of the tumour cells. Tumour aggression characteristics such as higher grade and greater depth of invasion have been positively correlated with nodal necrosis in our study. Metastasis central necrosis is considered a biologically late event in the evolution of tumour within a lymph node. Central node necrosis may be a marker for more intrinsically aggressive disease, irrespective of whether microscopic or macroscopic ECS is present [12].

The Kaplan Meier graph clearly indicated the significant poorer outcomes ( both overall and disease free survival) in patients with CNN when compared to those without nodal necrosis. The association between CNN and post operative ENE was significant in our study. This was consistent with other studies by Zoumalan et al. Randall et al. and Baik et al. who established that CNN visible on preoperative imaging was a useful indicator of extracapsular nodal spread and hence impaired overall survival [12,15–17]. Myer et al. in their study associated poor outcomes and poorer prognosis in patients with presence of extra capsular spread [18].

It has been noted that extracapsular spread can occur even at the early stages of tumour growth and nodal involvement [19]. This is attributed to micrometastasis which are not detected in imaging studies. ENE can occur irrespective of tumour or nodal size which has been similarly noted with nodal necrosis in our study. In their paper on establishing a nodal score for patients with oral SCC, Alkulaibi et al. proposed a higher score for nodes with central necrosis as an indication of aggressive disease [20]. Necrosis and tumour hypoxia are coexistent in tumour biology and this has been singled out as a major cause of radiation resistance.

Baik et al. and Lan et al. had highlighted the prognostic value of cervical node necrosis in CT and MRI studies [16,21]. In our analysis, the survival outcomes in the CNN group were critically poorer than those in the non-CNN group and similar to those of patients with higher N stage disease without CNN.

The retrospective nature of the study poses a limitation as large prospective cohort studies could be taken up to assess the severity of nodal necrosis and highlight its value as a reliable prognostic marker. The difference in the dosage of radiation given to both the CNN and non CNN groups could also be correlated. Other hematological parameters such as lymphocyte neutrophil ratio, hypoxia dependent factor, VEGF etc. could also be studied in correlation to cervical node necrosis.

Conclusion

In conclusion, CNN is seen to be a promising independent negative prognostic factor in tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Utilizing this in future staging and disease stratification could be suggested.

Ethical Approval

Study conducted retrospectively from records exclusively. Ethical approval waived by the Institutional review board.

Conflicts of interests

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

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All Tables

Table I

Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Patients with SCC of Tongue With Cervical Nodal Necrosis (CNN) (CNN Group) or Without CNN (Non-CNN Group) on Preoperative MR Imaging.

In the text
Table II

Univariate Analysis of Variables Associated With Survival Outcomes of Patients With Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Cervical Nodal Necrosis (CNN) (CNN Group) or Without CNN (Non-CNN Group) on Preoperative MRI.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1

Cervical nodal necrosis observed in MRI studies of a patient diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of tongue.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2

A,B —Kaplan-Meier graph showing overall survival and disease-free survival rates of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma with cervical nodal necrosis (CNN group) or without CNN (non-CNN group) on preoperative MRI studies.
In the text

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