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Home All issues Volume 27 / No 2 (2021) J Oral Med Oral Surg, 27 2 (2021) 25 Full HTML
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J Oral Med Oral Surg
Volume 27, Number 2, 2021
Article Number 25
Number of page(s) 9
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2020066
Published online 17 February 2021

© The authors, 2021

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Central Odontogenic Fibroma (COF) is a rare benign odontogenic tumour of mesenchymal origin [1]. This tumour consists of mature connective tissue in which islands or strands of inactive-looking odontogenic epithelium can be found with or without evidence of calcification. Described for the first time by the WHO in 1971, COF has not had a consensual definition for years and its classification has recently undergone changes. Since 2017, the WHO now distinguishes the lesion according to its location (central or peripheral) and no longer on the basis of histological criteria [1]. Simple and complex histological subtypes (poor and rich in inactive-looking odontogenic epithelium, respectively) have thus been removed from this classification, without any justification.

Very few studies have been published on COF, and those that have consist mainly of case reports or small series from which it is difficult to draw conclusions. In more, only one systematic review without histological variant has been carried out, but it does not specify the articles used for their statistical analysis [2]. Given its rarity, the evolving nature of its definition and classification, COF is relatively unknown to practitioners. Based on a systematic review of the literature using the PRISMA methodology, we collected and analysed the various cases of COF in order to optimize its management. The educational objectives are:

  • To update the epidemiological data on COF

  • To clarify its aetiology

  • To describe its clinical, radiological and histological characteristics

  • To discuss its possible differential diagnoses

  • To determine its treatment of choice

  • To assess its prognosis and to estimate the follow-up duration required after treatment.

Corpus

Materials and method of the systematic review

A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the PRISMA methodology. An electronic search was conducted up until April 15, 2019 in the Scopus and PubMed databases. The keywords MeSH (“fibroma” and “odontogenic tumors”) were used. The search equation was on Scopus: “KEY (“fibroma”) OR KEY (“Odontogenic tumors”) AND ALL (“central odontogenic fibroma”) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE,“re”))”, and on PubMed: “(“Fibroma” [Mesh]) AND (“Odontogenic Tumors” [Mesh]) AND ((Review[ptyp] OR Case Reports[ptyp])”. No restrictions on the date of publication have been imposed. This main search was supplemented by a manual search in the bibliographic references of the selected articles. After removing the duplicates, the identified articles were selected based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria:

Criteria for inclusion:

  • Cases involving humans;

  • Studies respecting the current WHO definition (2017) [1];

  • Studies reporting COF case(s) mentioning information on at least age, gender, location and/or radiological features, histological diagnosis and/or surgical technique;

  • Articles in English or French.

Criteria for exclusion:

  • Studies with uncertain diagnosis;

  • Studies without mention of location (central or peripheral);

  • Purely immunohistochemical studies on benign odontogenic tumours;

  • Studies on histological variants of COF: giant cell COF, amyloid-like protein deposition COF, granular cell odontogenic tumours.

The article selection process is described in the PRISMA flow chart (Fig. 1). 81 articles (7 retrospective studies and 74 case reports) were included bringing the total number of COF cases listed to 135. Data from these cases were extracted using a dedicated grid. This data concerned (1) age and sex, (2) clinical features, (3) radiological features, (4) histological features, (5) treatments performed, (6) follow-up duration, (7) possible recurrence and malignant transformation. Where the histological or radiological characteristics of COF were not fully described, two authors independently evaluated the figures to remedy it. The included publications had a low level of scientific evidence (level 4) according to the evaluation criteria of the National Agency for Accreditation and Evaluation in Health (ANAES).

Based on the data from the included articles, the COF recurrence rate was calculated as follows:

thumbnail Fig. 1

PRISMA flowchart of the systematic literature review.

Responses to the educational objectives

Epidemiology

COF is considered by the WHO to be a rare tumour but no epidemiological data are shown [1]. It represented 1.5% of central odontogenic tumours (16 cases out of 1088 biopsied tumours) [3]. This was probably an overestimate since histological variants of COF (such as ossifying odontogenic fibroma) that are no longer recognized by the WHO have been accounted for. Our systematic literature review identified 135 cases of COF. This was 41 cases less than the 176 cases listed by Correa Pontes et al. in their systematic review but comparison with our data was impossible since these authors did not reference all the cases included [2]. Based on the 135 cases we identified, COF occurred in a wide age range, from 3 to 80 years, with an average age of 30 years (Fig. 2). A predominance was observed between the second and third decade of life regardless of gender. The male/female sex ratio was 0.8.

thumbnail Fig. 2

Distribution of central odontogenic fibroma by age and sex.

Aetiology

The aetiology of COF remains unknown. According to one hypothesis that was taken up by the WHO in 2005, COF would derive from the dental follicle for simple histological types and from the periodontal ligament for complex types [4]. These 2 potential origins are no longer listed in the current WHO classification (2017) [1]. In addition, one case of COF associated with tuberous sclerosis complex [5] and one case associated with Gorlin syndrome [6] have been described without a proven causal link.

Clinical features

COF was located more frequently in the mandible (53.3% of cases) than in the maxilla (46.7% of cases) (Fig. 3A). In the mandible, the most affected area was the posterior molar sector (58.3% of cases), followed by the premolar sector (38.9% of cases) and the ramus (26.4% of cases) (Fig. 3B). In the maxilla, the premolar region was most frequently affected (63.4% of cases), followed by the incisor − canine sector (49.2% of cases) and finally the posterior molar sector (19% of cases).

COF was most often made apparent by clinical signs in 47.4% of cases. These signs might be physical in 41% of cases (facial asymmetry and/or intraoral swelling in 34.1% of cases [7–29], dental mobility in 2.2% [30–32], trismus in 0.7% [33], tooth displacement in 0.7% [34], or delayed eruption in 0.7% [35]). These clinical signs might also be functional with pain in 6.7% of cases [7,12,32,36–40]. COF might also be discovered incidentally on standard radiograph in 23% of cases [33,36–38, 41–56].

The extraoral clinical manifestations of COF were infrequent and non-specific (Tab. I). They were absent in 74.8% of cases [11,24,36,47,50,57–65]. Facial asymmetry was observed in 23.7% of cases [5,7–9,12–18,20–22,25,26,31,33,40,58,60,63,66–74]. This facial asymmetry was isolated in 20.7% of cases and associated with other extraoral clinical signs in 3% of cases (lymphadenopathy in 1.5% of cases [12,66], trismus in 0.7% [33] and paraesthesia in 0.7% [73]).

On intraoral examination, COF mostly manifested as mucosal lesions of variable relief (75.6% of cases) (Tab. II). A slowly progressive swelling was the most frequently found feature (57.8% of cases) [5,7–27,29,31–33,36–38,40,42,47,50,52,57–60,62–78]. Vestibular swelling and palatal depression could also be associated in 2.2% of cases [38,42]. In case of palatal localization, mucosal depression (8.9% of cases) [28,38,42,50,52,54,56,79] and mucosal perforation or fistula (3.7% of cases) [38,50,54,56,79] might be observed. An erythematous plaque of the oral mucosa was reported in 3% of cases [10,27,66,69]. More rarely, COF presented itself in dental signs, as they were found in only 18.4% of cases. Thereby, delayed tooth eruption was noted in 9.6% of cases [12,16,20,35,44,46,48,52,57,58,66,80], mobility in 8.1% of cases [10,12,30–32,38,42,79,81,82] and exceptionally pulp necrosis in 0.7% of cases [50].

thumbnail Fig. 3

Distribution of locations of central odontogenic fibroma. (A) According to the involved jaw (maxilla or mandible). (B) According to the site involved within the maxilla or mandible. The sum of the theses percentages is higher than 100% because a lesion can be located in several sites. This figure was made using Servier Medical Art templates − https://smart.servier.com.
Table I

Extraoral features of central odontogenic fibroma.

Table II

Intraoral clinical features of central odontogenic fibroma.

Radiological features

The radiological aspect of COF was not pathognomonic (Tab. III). On panoramic radiographs, the tumour usually presented itself as a single homogeneous radiolucent lesion, sometimes unilobular (54.1% of cases) [6,8,12,19–24,26,28,30,32–36,38,42–49,51–55,59,61,62,64,67,69–71,74,75,77–79, 81–85] sometimes multilobular (23.7% of cases) [5,7,11,13,15–18,25,27,29,31,36,38,39,41,42,50,56–58,68,73,76,77,83]. Mixed images with radiopacities corresponding to irregular and disseminated calcifications were described with a unilobular appearance in 6.7% of cases [20,36,40,57,60,63,65,72,80] and a multilobular appearance in 4.4% of cases [15,36,38,39,56,69]. Radiopaque lesion has never been reported in the literature.

The lesion was generally well delineated with a peripheral border of osteocondensation present in 37% of cases [5,6,8,9,17,20,23–26,28–40,43,44,46,48–51,55,56,58–62,65–67,69–72,74,75,77–80,82,83] and absent in 21.5% of cases [7,10,11,16,18,22,27,32,34,36,38,41,43,52–54,56,57,59,75–77,81,82,85]. A blurred contour was observed in 8.9% of cases [12,13,15,19,36,63,64,68,73,77,84], and even periosteal reaction in 1.5% of cases [13,77]. The size of the lesion could vary from 3 to 60 mm in its largest dimension, with a mean of 25.6 mm. According to the WHO, small-sized lesions tend to be unilobular, while large-sized lesions are multilobular [1]. Our data did not confirm this statement since the measurement of unilobular and multilobular lesions were extremely close (mean of 25 and 26 mm respectively).

As for the surrounding anatomical elements, COF tended to push them without invading them. Teeth were displaced in 40% of cases and external root resorptions were observed in 24.4% of cases (Tab. IV). The association of COF with impacted tooth was relatively common (28.9% of cases). It might be canine or molar [5,12,15,16,18,20,25,35–37,40,43,44,46,48,50,51,57–60,62,66,67,69,72,77,78,80,83]. Finally, cortical bone perforations were reported in 16.3% of cases [5,10,12,13,16,18, 22,28, 33,43,47,50,54,56,67,69,71,72,77,81,83,85].

Table III

Radiological features of central odontogenic fibroma.

Table IV

Radiological features of the anatomical elements surrounding central odontogenic fibroma.

Histological features

The histological subtype of COF was indeterminate in 37% of cases. Otherwise the distribution between the complex type and the simple type appeared to be almost equivalent with 34.1% of cases [8,15,21,23,26,28–30,34–37,39,40,46,47,50–54,56,57,60,61,63,65,70–74,76,78,80,82,85] and 28.9% of cases respectively [6,7,11–14,17,18,20,22,24,25,27,31,32, 36,37,43,45,48,49,55,58,59,62,64,66–69,75,79,81,83,84]. Examination of the clinical and radiological features did not reveal any characteristics specific to a COF subtype. The simple and complex subtype separation, which has been removed from the latest version of the WHO classification, did not appear to be of clinical interest since the behaviour of these two lesions seemed to be identical.

Differential diagnosis

When COF was associated with an impacted tooth, differential diagnoses included dentigerous cyst, desmoplastic fibroma, ameloblastoma, odontogenic keratocyst, and ameloblastic fibroma [5,12,15,16,18,25,36,37,40,44,46,51,57–60,62,66,67,69,72,77,78,83]. On the contrary, when COF was not associated with a tooth, a wide range of odontogenic tumours could be evoked such as odontogenic myxoma [9,10,14,21,23,24,29,30,34,54,59,65,67,68,76,77]. Sclerosing odontogenic carcinoma should also be mentioned because of its histological similarity [1]. In all cases, the diagnosis of COF could only be made after cross-checking the clinical, radiological and histological data [1].

Therapeutic

The treatment of choice for COF was surgical enucleation, which was performed in 2/3 of cases (65.9% of cases) [6,8,10,11,16–18,21–24,26–30,32,36–38,40–42,45,46,49,51, 54–56,58–60,62,64,66–68,73–76,78,79,81–83] (Fig. 4). Other conservative surgical approaches were less frequently practised: curettage of the lesion (14.1% of cases) [7,12,19,43, 47,48,50,52,65,69,72,80,84] or even non-interruptive resection (1.5% of cases) [15,85]. Enucleation is the process by which the entire cystic lesion is removed in one surgical piece [86]. In contrast, during excisional curettage the tumor is fragmented in several pieces. Non-conservative treatment like interruptive mandibulectomy was performed in 4.4% of cases [5,13,14,33,57,70]. Finally, therapeutic abstention was decided in only one case because of the patient's advanced age, the extent of the lesion and its non-aggressive nature (0.7%) [50]. In addition to COF treatment, tooth extractions were performed in 19.3% of cases to facilitate access to the lesion or because the adjacent teeth were not retainable due to external root resorptions [6,7,10,14,25, 29,30,32,37,44,46,50,51,53,56,57, 66,68,71,78,79,82,83,85]. More rarely, in 3% of cases, endodontic treatments were performed [6,23,54,83], of which 3/4 were associated with apical surgery (2.2% of cases) [6,54,83]).

thumbnail Fig. 4

Therapeutic approaches used in the treatment of central odontogenic fibroma.

Follow-up and prognosis

The mean duration of patient follow-up after COF treatment was 35 months (SD 39.1, range 1 month to 180 months) for the 86 cases reporting this duration [6,7,9–14,16–20,22,24,27–30,32–34,36,38,42–44,46–59,62,65,66,68–74,76,78,81–83,85].

COF is considered by the WHO to be a non-aggressive and non-recurrent tumour [1]. While it was difficult to determine the aggressiveness of COF based on literature data, recurrence was quantifiable. Four cases of recurrent COF were reported [9,19,43,73]. The recurrence rate of COF was 6% and its annual recurrence rate was 1.4%. For these calculations, only data from 67 patients with a minimum follow-up of 12-months after surgical treatment was considered (estimated duration of effective mucosal and bone healing) [6,7,9,10,12,14,16–19,22,27–29,32–34,36,38,42–44,46,48–52,55–59,62,65,66, 69,70,72,73,78,81,83,85]. This recurrence rate of 6% was lower than the rate of 10% suggested by Correa Pontes et al. [2]. This last rate was calculated based on 5 cases of recurrent COF out of a total of 50 cases that indicated the presence (or absence) of recurrence. The authors did not impose a minimum duration of follow-up after treatment for the selection of these 50 cases, which would have allowed to distinguish a delay in healing from a recurrence of the lesion. Moreover, the cases selected to establish this rate were not referenced.

No prognostic factors could be identified from the literature because the number of recurrent cases seems too limited to allow a reliable calculation of the recurrence rate of COF for each suspected risk factor.

Recurrences were diagnosed between 16 and 108 months after treatment (mean = 52 months, SD = 42). It should be noted that although the longest recurrence was diagnosed at 108 months (i.e. 9 years) after the procedure, a radiological examination at 48 months had already detected a radiolucent lesion at the same site as the COF. Earlier diagnosis would have been possible if additional investigations had been undertaken at this time. To estimate the minimum duration of follow-up for a COF after treatment, we took into account the longest time between treatment and the onset of signs of recurrence of the lesion, which was 60 months [19].

Nonetheless, given the lack of regular follow-up of the patient concerned, this is probably a high estimate. Regular long-term clinical and radiological follow-up seems to be necessary to detect signs of potential recurrence. Surgical management of COF recurrences has not been specified for 3 of the 4 cases listed [9,19,43]. In one case an interruptive hemimandibulectomy was performed [73]. Finally, malignant transformation of COF has never been reported in the literature.

An illustrated pedagogical summary of the management of COF, based on the results of this systematic literature review, is proposed to guide practitioners (Fig. 5).

thumbnail Fig. 5

Pedagogical summary of the management of a central odontogenic fibroma.

Conclusion

COF is a rare benign tumour that predominantly affects 20–30-year-olds and the mandible. The lesion most often manifests as a firm and painless vestibular swelling. The radiological signs are not pathognomonic. The lesion is mostly radiolucent, unilobular with well-defined limits. It tends to push the surrounding structures without invading them. It is frequently associated with an impacted tooth. In rare cases, it can lead to external root resorptions and cortical bone perforations. Diagnosis is based on the convergence of clinical, radiological and histological data. Surgical enucleation is the treatment of choice for COF with a low recurrence rate. Malignant transformation has never been reported in the literature. However, regular clinical and radiological follow-up of the patient over several years seems to be a justified precaution.

Conflicts of interests

Prof. Philippe Lesclous is editor-in-chief of JOMOS review.

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All Tables

Table I

Extraoral features of central odontogenic fibroma.

In the text
Table II

Intraoral clinical features of central odontogenic fibroma.

In the text
Table III

Radiological features of central odontogenic fibroma.

In the text
Table IV

Radiological features of the anatomical elements surrounding central odontogenic fibroma.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1

PRISMA flowchart of the systematic literature review.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2

Distribution of central odontogenic fibroma by age and sex.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3

Distribution of locations of central odontogenic fibroma. (A) According to the involved jaw (maxilla or mandible). (B) According to the site involved within the maxilla or mandible. The sum of the theses percentages is higher than 100% because a lesion can be located in several sites. This figure was made using Servier Medical Art templates − https://smart.servier.com.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4

Therapeutic approaches used in the treatment of central odontogenic fibroma.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5

Pedagogical summary of the management of a central odontogenic fibroma.
In the text

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