Table I
Staging proposed by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS).
| At risk | No apparent necrotic bone in patients who have been treated with oral or intravenous bisphosphonates. |
| Stage 0 | No clinical evidence of necrotic bone, but non-specific clinical findings, radiographic changes, and symptoms. |
| Stage 1 | Exposed and necrotic bone or fistula that probes to bone in patients who are asymptomatic and have no evidence of infection. |
| Stage 2 | Exposed and necrotic bone or fistula that probes to bone associated with infection as evidenced by pain and erythema in the region of the exposed bone with or without purulent drainage. |
| Stage 3 | Exposed and necrotic bone or a fistula that probes to bone in patients with pain, infection, and ≥1 of the following: exposed and necrotic bone extending beyond the region of alveolar bone (i.e., inferior border and ramus in mandible, maxillary sinus, and zygoma in maxilla) resulting in pathologic fracture, extraoral fistula, oral antra or oral nasal communication, or osteolysis extending to the inferior border of the mandible or sinus floor. |
Exposed or probable bone in the maxillofacial region without resolution for longer than 8 weeks in patients treated with an antiresorptive or an antiangiogenic agent who have not received radiation therapy to the jaws. Ruggiero et al. Medication-Related Osteronecrosis of the Jaw. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014.
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