Table I
Mechanism of action, dosing intervals and half-lives of biological therapies [5–9].
| Class | Target | Agent | Trade name(s) | Indication | Dosing interval | One half-life (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokine inhibitor | TNF-α inhibitor | Adalimumab | Humira, Amjevita, Imraldi, Cyltezo | RA, IBD, PsA, PS, AS, JIA | 2 weekly | 14 |
| Certolizumab pegol | Cimzia | RA, IBD, PsA, AS | 2 weekly | 14 | ||
| Etanercept | Enbrel, Benepali, Erelzi | RA, PsA, PP, JIA, AS | Weekly or twice weekly | 3 | ||
| Golimumab | Simponi | RA, PsA, IBD | 4 weekly | 14 | ||
| Infliximab | Remicade, Remsima, Renflexis, Inflectra | RA, IBD, AS, PsA, PP | 4, 6, or 8 weekly | 9 | ||
| IL-1 receptor antagonist | Anakinra | Kineret | RA | Daily | 0.25 | |
| IL-6 inhibitor | Sarilumab | Kevzara | RA | 2 weekly | 10 | |
| IL-6 receptor inhibitor | Tocilizumab | Roactemra, Actemra | RA, JIA | IV 4 weekly | 11 | |
| SC weekly | 13 | |||||
| IL-12 and IL-23 inhibitor | Ustekinumab | Stelara | IBD, PsA, IBD, Ps | 12 weekly | 21 | |
| IL-17 inhibitor | Ixekizumab | Taltz | PP, PsA | Monthly | 13 | |
| Secukinumab | Cosentyx | Ps, PsA, AS | Monthly | 27 | ||
| IL-23 inhibitor | Guselkumab | Tremfya | PP, PsA | 8 weekly | 18 | |
| Immune modulator | Apremilast | Otezla | PsA, PP | Daily | 0.25 | |
| JAK inhibitor | Baracitinib | Olumiant | RA | Daily | 0.5 | |
| Tofacitinib | Xeljanz | RA, PsA, AS, JIA, IBD | Twice daily | 0.33 | ||
| Filgotinib | Jyseleca | RA, IBD | Daily | 0.29 | ||
| Upatacitinib | Rinvoq | RA, PsA, IBD | Daily | 0.17 | ||
| Abrocitinib | Cibinqo | AD | Daily | 0.21 | ||
| Cell-depleting agent | CD20 (peripheral B-cell depletion) | Rituximab | Mabthera, Rixathon, Truxima, Rituxan | NHL, CLL, RA, P, PV | Two doses 2 weeks apart every 6 months | 18 |
| Co-stimulation blocker | CD80 and CD86 (minimises T-cell activation) | Abatacept | Orencia | RA, PsA, JIA | IV monthly | 14 |
| SC weekly |
IV = intravenous, SC = subcutaneous, RA = rheumatoid arthritis, IBD = inflammatory bowel disease, PsA = psoriatic arthritis, PP = plaque psoriasis, JIA = juvenile idiopathic arthritis, AS = ankylosing spondylitis, Ps = psoriasis, AD = atopic dermatitis, NHL = non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, CLL = chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, P = polyangiitis, PV = pemphigus vulgaris
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