Table III
Summary of salivary biomarker measurements in BMS patients.
| Studies N= | BMS | |
|---|---|---|
| Neurotransmitters | ||
| Glutamatergic system | ||
| Glucose | 1 | = [13] |
| Serotonergic system | ||
| Tryptase | 1 | ↑ [19] |
| Neuropeptides | ||
| Endogenous opioids | ||
| Opiorphin | 2 | UWS ↑ [21], SWS = [21], = [22] |
| Tachykines | ||
| Substance P | 2 | ↓ [19], = [12] |
| Neurokinin A | 1 | = [12] |
| Other neuropeptides | ||
| Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) | 2 | = [12], = [23] |
| Neurotrophins | ||
| Brain-derives neurotrophic factor | 1 | = [24] |
| Nerve growth factor (NGF) | 2 | = [24], ↑ [19] |
| Enzymes | ||
| Alpha-amylase | 5 | ↑ [6], ↑ [9], ↑ [10], ↑ [16], ↑ [7] |
| Alpha-enolase | 1 | ↑ [25] |
| Cathepsin G | 1 | = [25] |
| Lysozyme | 1 | ↑ [16] |
| Myeloperoxydase | 1 | = [19] |
| Cytokines | ||
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha | 2 | ↓ [24], = [20] |
| EGF | 1 | = [11] |
| VEGF | 1 | = [11] |
| Interleukin 2 | 2 | ↑ [26], = [18] |
| Interleukin 6 | 4 | ↑ [24], = [20], ↑ [26], = [18] |
| Interleukin 8 | 3 | ↑ UWS [27], = [20], = [11] |
| Interleukin 10 | 1 | = [24] |
| Interleukin 1β | 1 | = [20] |
| Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-4 (MIP4) | 1 | ↑ [7] |
| Interleukin 18 | 1 | ↑ [25] |
| Steroid hormones | ||
| 17β-Estradiol | 2 | = UWS, ↑ SWS [10], ↓ [28] |
| Cortisol | 6 | = [9], ↑ [15], = [24], ↑ UWS SWS [10], ↑ [14], ↑ [29] |
| DHEAs | 3 | = [10], ↓ morning = night [30], = [28] |
| Progesteron | 2 | = [10], = [28] |
| Metallic ions | ||
| Aluminium | 1 | = [8] |
| Boron | 1 | = [8] |
| Calcium | 4 | = [8], = [13], = [17], = [31] |
| Chlorine | 1 | ↑ [13] |
| Copper | 3 | = [8], = [18], = [17] |
| Iron | 2 | = [8], = [13] |
| Magnesium | 5 | = [8], = [13], ↓ [18], = [17], = [31] |
| Manganese | 1 | = [8] |
| Phosphorus | 3 | = [8], ↑ [13], ↑ [31] |
| Potassium | 4 | = [8], ↑ [13], = [16], ↑ [31] |
| Sulfur | 1 | = [8] |
| Zinc | 3 | = [8], = [18], = [17] |
| Sodium | 3 | = [8], ↑ [16], = [31] |
| Cadmium | 1 | = [8] |
| Chromium | 1 | = [8] |
| Arsenic | 1 | = [8] |
| Beryllium | 1 | = [8] |
| Bismuth | 1 | = [8] |
| Cobalt | 1 | = [8] |
| Lithium | 1 | = [8] |
| Molybdenum | 1 | = [8] |
| Antimony | 1 | = [8] |
| Selenium | 1 | = [8] |
| Strontium | 1 | = [8] |
| Titanium | 1 | = [8] |
| Thallium | 1 | = [8] |
| Vanadium | 1 | = [8] |
| Nickel | 1 | = [8] |
| Lead | 1 | = [8] |
| Others | ||
| Uric acid | 3 | ↓ [7], = [13], = [16] |
| Albumin | 1 | ↑ [16] |
| Calprotectin | 1 | = [19] |
| Chondroitin Sulfate | 1 | ↓ [32] |
| Chromogranin A | 1 | ↑ [29] |
| Immunoglobulin A | 4 | ↑ [7], = [6], = [11], ↑ [16] |
| Immunoglobulin G | 1 | ↑ [16] |
| Immunoglobulin M | 1 | ↑ [16] |
| Kallikrein | 2 | ↑ [25], ↑ [32] |
| Nitric products (NO) | 1 | = [33] |
| Thiocyanate | 1 | = [13] |
| Total protein | 7 | = [13], = [20], = [11], = [19], ↑ [16], ↓ SWS woman and = man [34], ↑ [31] |
| ROS | 1 | ↓ [33] |
| Nitrite | 1 | = [33] |
| Nitrate | 1 | = [33] |
| IFN-γ | 1 | ↑ UWS [27] |
| Neutrophil myeloperoxidase MPO | 1 | = [19] |
| Sialic acid | 1 | = SWS [34] |
Biochemical compounds found in the literature in BMS patients compared to control patients. ↑ means significantly increased concentration, ↓ means significantly decreased concentration, = means similar concentrations, UWS stands for unstimulated saliva, SWS stands for stimulated saliva. 1Article number (see bibliography).
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